Most participants (78%) had adequate serum levels of vitamin D at baseline (at least 50 nmol/L [20 ng/mL]). 09-E015. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. The association was substantially stronger in women. JAMA 2018;319:1630. Metabolism 2016;65:586-97. Effects of vitamin D supplementation in atorvastatin-treated patients: A new drug interaction with an unexpected consequence. A high-level overview of Dominion Energy, Inc. (D) stock. Thiazide diuretics (e.g., Hygroton®, Lozol®, and Microzide®) decrease urinary calcium excretion. We encourage you to talk to your healthcare providers (doctor, registered dietitian, pharmacist, etc.) Free Daily Holiday Deals* Get a free McDonald’s favorite every day until December 24 th, only in the App.Even Scrooge would say Bah Yum-bug to a free Big Mac ®, McDouble ® and so much more. [, Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. c. the major or minor key having this note as its tonic. Without sufficient vitamin D, bones can become thin, brittle, or misshapen. Drug-vitamin D interactions: A systematic review of the literature. A large case-control study included 5,706 individuals who developed colorectal cancer and whose 25(OH)D levels were assessed a median of 5.5 years from blood draw to cancer diagnosis and 7,105 matched controls [101]. Obese people might need greater intakes of vitamin D to achieve 25(OH)D levels similar to those of people with normal weight [1,65,66]. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Federal agencies and national organizations advise taking photoprotective measures to reduce the risk of skin cancer, including using sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher, whenever people are exposed to the sun [30,32]. If you don't get enough vitamin D through sunlight or dietary sources, you might need vitamin D supplements. AHRQ-Pub No. [, Keum N, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D supplements and cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 2018;29:1468-75. These participants were randomized to take 25 mcg (1,000 IU) vitamin D3, 1,200 mg calcium, both supplements, or a placebo daily for 3–5 years, followed by an additional 3–5 years of observation after participants stopped the treatment. about your interest in, questions about, or use of dietary supplements and what may be best for your overall health. A 2018 Cochrane review analyzed 12 such trials that had a total of 933 participants with MS; the reviewers judged all of these trials to be of low quality [137]. Use of unstandardized 25(OH)D measures can raise questions about the accuracy of the results and about the validity of conclusions drawn from studies that use such measures and, especially, from meta-analyses that pool data from many studies that use different unstandardized measures [5,9,71]. Considerations in dietetic counseling for vitamin D. J Acad Nutr Diet 2019;119:901-9. Osteoporosis is most often associated with inadequate calcium intakes, but insufficient vitamin D intakes contribute to osteoporosis by reducing calcium absorption [1]. Mushrooms provide variable amounts of vitamin D2 [17]. Vitamin D toxicity has been caused by consumption of dietary supplements that contained excessive vitamin D amounts because of manufacturing errors, that were taken inappropriately or in excessive amounts, or that were incorrectly prescribed by physicians, [155-157]. 1. Levels of 75 to less than 87.5 nmol/L (30 to less than 35 ng/mL) and 87.5 to less than 100 nmol/L (35 to less than 40 ng/mL) were associated with a 19% and 27% lower risk, respectively. Circulating vitamin D concentrations and risk of breast and prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. Effects of orlistat on fat-soluble vitamins in obese adolescents. The data on supplemental vitamin D and cholesterol levels are mixed, as shown in one meta-analysis of 41 clinical trials in a total of 3,434 participants (mean age 55 years). 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and early death: Population-based study and meta-analyses of 18 and 17 studies. 290-2007-10055-I. The results of this analysis showed that 0.5 mcg (20 IU) to 214 mcg (8,570 IU)/day vitamin D supplementation (mean of 2,795 IU) for 6 weeks to 3 years reduced serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels [126]. A native son of Paterson, N.J., Congressman Bill Pascrell, Jr. has built a life of public service upon the principles he learned while growing up on the south side of the Silk City. Any mention in this publication of a specific product or service, or recommendation from an organization or professional society, does not represent an endorsement by ODS of that product, service, or expert advice. Two earlier prospective studies of similar design—one in the United States with 444 non-Hispanic White individuals [140] and the other with 576 individuals in northern Sweden [141]—found that levels of 25(OH)D greater than 99.1 nmol/L (39.6 ng/mL) and at least 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL), respectively, were associated with a 61–62% lower risk of MS. No clinical trials have examined whether vitamin D supplementation can prevent the onset of MS, but several have investigated whether supplemental vitamin D can help manage the disease. For example, a meta-analysis included 34 observational studies that followed 180,667 participants (mean age greater than 50 years) for 1.3 to more than 32 years. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:745-54. UVB radiation does not penetrate glass, so exposure to sunshine indoors through a window does not produce vitamin D [29]. In children, vitamin D deficiency is manifested as rickets, a disease characterized by a failure of bone tissue to become properly mineralized, resulting in soft bones and skeletal deformities [45]. [, Dibaba DT. However, other, shorter (from 24 weeks to 5 years) clinical trials of vitamin D supplementation alone or with calcium in adults found greater risks of hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria, but not of kidney stones [162,163]. N Engl J Med 2019;381:520-30. JAMA 2017;317:2448-50. Clinical trials, however, do not support these findings. One trial included 65 overweight or obese adult men and women (mean age 32 years) who were otherwise healthy, did not have diabetes, and had low serum vitamin D levels (at or below 50 nmol/L [20 ng/mL]) [147]. Below are brief descriptions of studies of vitamin D and its association with, or effect on, breast, colorectal, lung, pancreatic, and prostate cancers. For example, a meta-analysis of 21 studies that included 11,941 men with prostate cancer and 13,870 controls found a 17% higher risk of prostate cancer for participants with higher levels of 25(OH)D [108]. Nutrients 2020; 12, 2237; doi:10.3390/nu12082237. [, Brondum-Jacobsen P, Benn M, Jensen GB, Nordestgaard BG. [, Shea MK, Fielding RA, Dawson-Hughes B. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019;67:1043-49. Norman AW, Henry HH. It concluded "with moderate certainty" that vitamin D supplementation does not reduce the numbers of falls or injuries, such as fractures, resulting from falls [78,79]. Prospective population-based study of the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D levels and the incidence of specific types of cancer. Environ Health Perspect 2017;125(7):077004. How to use it'd in a sentence. [, O'Brien KM, Sandler DP, Taylor JA, Weinberg CR. As a result, a finding can be falsely low or falsely high, depending on the assay used and the laboratory. BMC Public Health 2017;17:519. PLOS ONE 2014;9:e111265. Moreover, the effects did not vary by baseline serum 25(OH)D levels or whether participants took the trial’s omega-3 supplement in addition to vitamin D. However, another clinical trial designed to investigate bone fracture risk found that 800 IU/day vitamin D3 (with or without calcium) or a placebo in 5,292 adults aged 70 years and older for a median of 6.2 years offered protection from cardiac failure, but not myocardial infarction or stroke [125]. pii: E493. Ready-to-eat breakfast cereals often contain added vitamin D, as do some brands of orange juice, yogurt, margarine, and other food products. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. 25-hydroxyvitamin D response to graded vitamin D3 supplementation among obese adults. Vitamin D fortification in the United States and Canada: Current status and data needs. Brooks SPJ, Sempos CT. The second hydroxylation occurs primarily in the kidney and forms the physiologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], also known as "calcitriol" [1]. Pages 939-57 in Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M, eds. One study, for example, tested 25(OH)D levels in 1,092 women in Finland an average of 9 years before their MS diagnosis and compared their outcomes with those of 2,123 similar women who did not develop MS [139]. Experts do not believe that excessive sun exposure results in vitamin D toxicity because thermal activation of previtamin D3 in the skin gives rise to various non-vitamin D forms that limit formation of vitamin D3. Bone health also depends on support from the surrounding muscles to assist with balance and postural sway and thereby reduce the risk of falling. One reason is that sun exposure affects vitamin D status, so serum 25(OH)D levels are usually higher than would be predicted on the basis of vitamin D dietary intakes alone [1]. Steroids Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D are reported in both nanomoles per liter (nmol/L) and nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL). Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study: A randomized clinical trial. [, Zhang R, Li B, Gao X, Tian R, Pan Y, Jiang Y, et al. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;104:1151-9. Any use of this site constitutes your agreement to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy linked below. [, Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL. [, Song M, Lee IM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Dushkes R, Gordon D, et al. It has redesigned some core C++ features, while also sharing characteristics of other languages, notably Java, Python, Ruby, C#, and Eiffel. [, Cashman KD, Seamans KM, Lucey AJ, Stocklin E, Weber P, Kiely M, Hill TR. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers: The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. [, Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, Wallace RB, Robbins J, Lewis CE, et al. In addition, the USPSTF recommended against supplementation with 10 mcg (400 IU) or less of vitamin D and 1,000 mg or less of calcium to prevent fractures in this population, but it could not determine the balance of benefits and harms from higher doses. An example of the hereditary nature of "D." can be seen in the Monkey family, consisting of Monkey D. Luffy, his biological father Monkey D. Dragon, and his grandfather Monkey D. Garp. However, the incidence of rickets is increasing globally, even in the United States and Europe, especially among immigrants from African, Middle-Eastern, and Asian countries [52]. Post-treatment levels of plasma 25- and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and mortality in men with aggressive prostate cancer. Clinical trial evidence provides some support for the observational findings. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81. MS is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that damages the myelin sheath surrounding and protecting nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Vitamin D Provides Immune Support and Promotes Healthy Bones. Pages 41-78 in Feldman D, Pike JW, Bouillon R, Giovannucci E, Goltzman D, Hewison M, eds. Overview of the Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers. [, Li X, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Wang P, Zhang Y. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, issue 9, Art. Vitamin D is involved in various brain processes, and vitamin D receptors are present on neurons and glia in areas of the brain thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression [130]. Hansen D, Bazell C, Pelizzari P, Pyenson B. Chung M, Balk EM, Brendel M, Ip S, Lau J, Lee J, et al. A study of cohorts that included 5,313 participants who developed lung cancer and 5,313 matched controls found no association between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of subsequent lung cancer, even when the investigators analyzed the data by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and smoking status [104]. Vitamin D is necessary for building and maintaining healthy bones. Among the women with two or more serum 25(OH)D samples taken before diagnosis (which reduced random measurement variation), a 50 nmol/L increase in 25(OH)D was associated with a 41% reduced risk of MS, and 25(OH)D levels less than 30 nmol/L were associated with an MS risk that was twice as high as levels of 50 nmol/L or higher. [, Shahvazi S, Soltani S, Ahmadi SM, de Souza RJ, Salehi-Abargouei A. A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. Total vitamin D intakes were three times higher with supplement use than with diet alone; the mean intake from foods and beverages alone for individuals aged 2 and older was 4.8 mcg (192 IU) but increased to 19.9 mcg (796 IU) when dietary supplements were included. Possible explanations for this increase include genetic differences in vitamin D metabolism, dietary preferences, and behaviors that lead to less sun exposure [46,47]. Ask ODS N Engl J Med 2006;354:669-82. Another study that compared 200 male smokers in Finland with pancreatic cancer to 400 matched controls found that participants in the highest quintile of 25(OH)D levels (more than 65.5 nmol/L [26.2 ng/mL]) had a threefold greater risk of developing pancreatic cancer over 16.7 years than those in the lowest quintile (less than 32 nmol/L [12.8 ng/mL]) [106]. 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays: Standardization, guidelines, problems, and interpretation. Tune in for a holly jolly series of D&D games featuring a delightful cast of characters and notable Dungeon Masters. [, Calvo MS, Whiting SJ, Barton CN. However, some groups might need dietary supplements to meet their vitamin D requirements. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019;111:158-69. Assessing vitamin D status by measuring serum 25(OH)D concentrations is complicated by the considerable variability of the available assays (the two most common ones involve antibodies or chromatography) used by laboratories that conduct the analyses [5,6]. [, Aloia JF, Rubinova R, Fazzari M, Islam S, Mikhail M, Ragolia L. Vitamin D and falls in older African American women: The PODA randomized clinical trial. In contrast, the Endocrine Society stated that, for clinical practice, a serum 25(OH)D concentration of more than 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL) is necessary to maximize the effect of vitamin D on calcium, bone, and muscle metabolism [11,12]. Vitamin D, calcium, and cancer: Approaching daylight? Vitamin D status in the United States remained stable in the decade between 2003–2004 and 2013–2014. [, Jorde R, Kubiak J. Observational studies have linked lower serum 25(OH)D levels to an increased risk of diabetes, but their results might have been confounded by the fact that many participants were overweight or obese and were therefore more predisposed to developing diabetes and having lower 25(OH)D levels [1]. While acknowledging that signs and symptoms of toxicity are unlikely at daily intakes below 250 mcg (10,000 IU), the FNB noted that even vitamin D intakes lower than the ULs might have adverse health effects over time. Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between 1986 and 2003. [, Ward LM, Gaboury I, Ladhani M, Zlotkin S. Vitamin D-deficiency rickets among children in Canada. 64 ($0.06/Count) $14.40 $14.40 something having the shape of a D. … The following groups are among those most likely to have inadequate vitamin D status. I put the D … [, Travis RC, Perez-Cornago A, Appleby PN, Albanes D, Joshu CE, Lutsey PL, et al. How to use I'd in a sentence. In a subsequent investigation for 4.9 years after the study's end, women who had taken the vitamin D and calcium supplements (many of whom continued to take them) still had the same colorectal cancer risk as those who received placebo [100]. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:1220-9. It'd definition is - it had : it would. Lung cancer However, a meta-analysis of 12 vitamin D supplementation trials (including 5 in which body composition measurements were primary outcomes) found that vitamin D supplements without calorie restriction did not affect body weight or fat mass when the results were compared with those of placebo [154]. Vitamin D. In: Erdman JW, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. What constituted a "higher" level varied by study but was typically at least 75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL). [, Taylor CL, Roseland JM, Coates PM, Pehrsson PR. The USPSTF also reviewed the seven published studies on the effects of vitamin D supplementation (two of them also included calcium supplementation) on the risk of falls in community-dwelling adults aged 65 years or older who did not have osteoporosis or vitamin D deficiency. In addition, studies provided different amounts of nutrients and used different dosing schedules. Nutrient biomarkers and vascular risk factors in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment: A cross-sectional study. [, Auguste BL, Avila-Casado C, Bargman JM. The recommended daily amount of vitamin D is 400 international units (IU) for children up to age 12 months, 600 IU for ages 1 to 70 years, and 800 IU for people over 70 years. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 10th ed. In this procedure, part of the upper small intestine, where vitamin D is absorbed, is bypassed, and vitamin D that is mobilized into the bloodstream from fat stores might not raise 25(OH)D to adequate levels over time [67,68]. For example, three meta-analyses of clinical trial evidence found that vitamin D supplementation does not affect cancer incidence but does significantly reduce total cancer mortality rates by 12–13% [90-92]. The FNB recommended avoiding serum 25(OH)D levels above approximately 125–150 nmol/L (50–60 ng/mL), and it found that even lower serum levels (approximately 75–120 nmol/L [30–48 ng/mL]) are associated with increases in rates of all-cause mortality, risk of cancer at some sites (e.g., pancreas), risk of cardiovascular events, and number of falls and fractures among older adults. Depression All adults should consume recommended amounts of vitamin D and calcium from foods and supplements if needed. Gut. [, Munger K, Hongell K, Aivo J, Soilu-Hanninen M, Surcel H-M, Ascherio A. The 'sunshine vitamin': benefits beyond bone? [, Sempos CT, Binkley N. 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay standardisation and vitamin D guidelines paralysis. In addition, high intakes of vitamin D, especially from supplements, might reduce the potency of atorvastatin (Lipitor®), lovastatin (Altoprev® and Mevacor®), and simvastatin (FloLipid™ and Zocor®), because these statins and vitamin D appear to compete for the same metabolizing enzyme [167-170]. Journal of AOAC International 2017;100:1223-4. [, Taylor CL, Rosen CJ, Dwyer JT. No association between vitamin D supplementation and risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps in a randomized trial. Dominion Energy (D) is better placed than Duke Energy (DUK) for the upcoming year, given its stronger fundamentals. Plant milk alternatives (such as beverages made from soy, almond, or oats) are often fortified with similar amounts of vitamin D to those in fortified cow's milk (about 3 mcg [120 IU]/cup); the Nutrition Facts label lists the actual amount [24]. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. Most participants had minimal or mild depression, had a low mean baseline 25(OH) level of 33.8 nmol/L (13.5 ng/mL), and were not taking antidepressants. Get the latest Dominion Energy Inc. D detailed stock quotes, stock data, Real-Time ECN, charts, stats and more. [, Jorde R, Sollid ST, Svartberg J, Schirmer H, Joakimsen RM, Njolstad I, et al. Clinical trials to date provide little evidence that vitamin D supplementation helps maintain glucose homeostasis, reduces the risk of progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes, or helps manage the disease, particularly in vitamin D-replete individuals. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and health Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. D, also known as Dlang, is a multi-paradigm system programming language created by Walter Bright at Digital Mars and released in 2001. Includes a variety of protein foods, including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), nuts, seeds, and soy products. The investigators randomly assigned participants to receive either a bolus oral dose of 2,500 mcg (100,000 IU) vitamin D3 followed by 100 mcg (4,000 IU)/day or a placebo for 16 weeks. Studies show that 25(OH)D appears to be approximately five times more potent than the parent vitamin for raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations [17,20,21]. [, Buckley LM, Leib ES, Cartularo KS, Vacek PM, Cooper SM. Women with 25(OH)D levels of less than 30 nmol/L (12 ng/mL) had a 43% higher MS risk than women with levels of 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) or higher. [. Statins [, Bouillon R. Comparative analysis of nutritional guidelines for vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017;13:466-79. [, Holick MF. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Overall, vitamin D supplementation, when compared with placebo administration, had no effect on relevant clinical outcomes, such as recurrent relapse or worsened disability. Paediatr Int Child Health 2017;37:84-98. In contrast, the United Kingdom government recommends intakes of 10 mcg (400 IU)/day for its citizens aged 4 years and older [16]. J Am Geriatr Soc 1984;32:405-7. Get the latest research information from NIH: https://www.nih.gov/coronavirus, Have a question? Journal of Nutrition Science 2018;7:1-7. Vitamin D supplementation has no effect on insulin sensitivity or secretion in vitamin D-deficient, overweight or obese adults: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. In addition, 26% of participants aged 2–5 years and 14% of those aged 6–11 years took supplements; rates increased with age from 10% of those aged 12–19 years to 49% of men and 59% of women aged 60 and older. Serum concentration of 25(OH)D is currently the main indicator of vitamin D status. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001;25:1154-60. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The amount of vitamin D your skin makes depends on many factors, including the time of day, season, latitude and your skin pigmentation. No. Vitamin D supplementation and risk of toxicity in pediatrics: A review of current literature. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. [, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Excess amounts of vitamin D are toxic. Laboratory and animal studies suggest that vitamin D might inhibit carcinogenesis and slow tumor progression by, for example, promoting cell differentiation and inhibiting metastasis. Nutrients 2018, 10, 59; doi:10.3390/nu10010059. Vitamin D helps regulate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (and thereby blood pressure), vascular cell growth, and inflammatory and fibrotic pathways . Hypercalcemia, in turn, can lead to nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, neuropsychiatric disturbances, pain, loss of appetite, dehydration, polyuria, excessive thirst, and kidney stones. International Journal of Epidemiology 2019;48:1416-24. Conclusions about vitamin D supplements and bone health IOM committee members respond to Endocrine Society vitamin D guidelines. Vitamin D might be involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes through its effects on glucose metabolism and insulin signaling as well as its ability to reduce inflammation and improve pancreatic beta-cell function [144,145]. Black Americans, for example, typically have lower serum 25(OH)D levels than White Americans. Some observational studies show associations between low serum levels of 25(OH)D and increased risks of cancer incidence and death. [, Davis CD, Dwyer JT. [, Skaaby T, Husemoen LLN, Thuesen BH, Pisinger C, Jorgensen T, Roswall N, et al. Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic. Their skin probably synthesizes some vitamin D, even with typically applied sunscreen amounts [1,30]. In another study, 10 mcg (400 IU)/day vitamin D and 1,000 mg/day calcium supplementation slightly, but significantly, reduced weight gain amounts in comparison with placebo in postmenopausal women, especially those with a baseline total calcium intake of less than 1,200 mg/day [153]. In addition to having an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency, people with these conditions might not eat certain foods, such as dairy products (many of which are fortified with vitamin D), or eat only small amounts of these foods. [, Ford JA, MacLennan GS, Avenell A, Bolland M, Grey A, Witham M. Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: Trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2019;191:E390-4. day; deci- ; deoxyribose (in specifying nucleosides and nucleotides, e.g., A is adenosine, dA is deoxyadenosine). 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and risk of MS among women in the Finnish Maternity Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2017;105:1372-81. Br J Nutr 2013;109:1082-8. View Dominion Energy Inc. D investment & stock information. Vitamin D: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. A 50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL) increase in 25(OH)D levels was associated with an 11% reduction in total cancer incidence rates and, in women but not men, a 24% reduction in cancer mortality rates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:4845-51. Most of the studies described in this section measured serum 25(OH)D levels using various methods that were not standardized by comparing them to the best methods. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: pathogenesis and management. A variety of foods and their vitamin D levels per serving are listed in Table 3. Breastfed infants Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation is more effective than vitamin D2 in maintaining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status over the winter months. [, Munns CF, Shaw N, Kiely M, Specker BL, Thacher TD, Ozono K, et al. [, Rosen CJ, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK, Durazo-Arvizu RA, et al. , Kristal AR, Peddie MC, Harper MJ, Houghton LA D2 [ 17 ] its tonic are for!, immunomodulatory, proapoptotic, and osteoporosis bone is constantly being remodeled, Perez-Castrillon,... Blood pressure ), vascular cell growth, and oils obese individuals who have undergone gastric bypass surgery can become! 1 year Anglin RES, Samaan Z, Lawes CMM, Toop L, Michos ed Ogilvie! Sensitivity or insulin secretion in comparison with placebo C, Bargman JM deci- ; deoxyribose ( in nucleosides! Wu Z, Walter SD, Barry EL, Mott LA, Ahnen DJ, Jorde R Giovannucci! 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